history_of_electromagnetism
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+ | ====== History of electromagnetism ====== | ||
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+ | | // | ||
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+ | **History of electromagnetism** - this page is a collection of important discoveries in the history of [[electromagnetism]], | ||
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+ | {{page> | ||
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+ | ===== Ancient times ===== | ||
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+ | | around 2500 BC - Some documents indicate that [[compass]] was used in ancient China[(Helrich)][(Tumanski> | ||
+ | | around 500 BC - Magnetic attraction between [[lodestone]] and [[iron]] studied by Thales of Miletus[(Tumanski)] | | ||
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+ | ===== Before 18th century ===== | ||
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+ | | 1064 - Discovery that [[iron]] quenched from red hot acquires magnetization by Zheng Gongliang (China)[(Coey)] | | ||
+ | | 1088 - Navigational [[compass]] invented by Shen Kua (China)[(Coey)] | | ||
+ | | 1190 - Compass construction described by Alexander Neckam (England)[([[https:// | ||
+ | | 1269 - Polarity of [[magnetic pole|magnetic poles]] described by Pierre de Maricourt (also known as Peter Peregrinus)[(Tumanski)] | | ||
+ | | 1600 - Movement of [[compass needle]] and [[Earth magnetic field|Eearth' | ||
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+ | ===== 18th century ===== | ||
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+ | | 1743 - [[Horseshoe magnet]] invented by Daniel Bernoulli (Switzerland)[(Coey)] | | ||
+ | | 1745 - Method of reliable [[magnetisation]] of steel developed by Gowin Knight (England)[([[https:// | ||
+ | | 1745 - [[Leyden jar]] (first [[capacitor]]) invented by Pieter van Musschenbroek and Ewald von Kleist[(Forbes> | ||
+ | | 1747 - Existence of positive and negative [[electric charge|electric charges]] proposed by Benjamin Franklin[(Forbes)] | | ||
+ | | 1750 - [[Inverse-square law]] governing forces between poles discovered by John Michell (England)[(Cullity> | ||
+ | | 1778 - [[Diamagnetism]] discovered by Anton Brugmans (Netherlands) [(Romero> | ||
+ | | 1785 - [[Coulomb law|Coulomb' | ||
+ | | 1786 - Twitching of frog's leg by electricity studied by Luigi Galvani (Italy)[(Helrich)], | ||
+ | | 1800 - [[Electric battery]] invented by Alessandro Volta (Italy)[(Helrich)], | ||
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+ | ===== 19th century ===== | ||
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+ | | 1820 - [[Magnetic field]] around a wire with [[electric current]] discovered by Hans Christian Ørsted[(Tumanski)], | ||
+ | | 1820 - [[Magnetic force]] between two wires with [[current]] demonstrated by André-Marie Ampère[(Tumanski)], | ||
+ | | 1820 - [[Magnetic force]] due to [[current]] calculated by Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart[(Tumanski)], | ||
+ | | 1821 - Principle of [[electric motor]] discovered by Michael Faraday[(Forbes)], | ||
+ | | 1824 - Iron-cored [[electromagnet]] invented by William Sturgeon[(Coey)] | | ||
+ | | 1825 - [[Compass needle]] rotating above spinning copper disc demonstrated by Francois Arago[(Forbes)] | | ||
+ | | 1826 - [[Galvanometer]] invented by Johann Christian Poggendorff[(Helrich)] | | ||
+ | | 1827 - [[Ohm' | ||
+ | | 1830 - powerful practical electromagnet (lifting over 900 kg) created by Joseph Henry[(Karunakaran)], | ||
+ | | 1831 - [[Electromagnetic induction]] and [[transformer]] discovered by Micheal Faraday[(Tumanski)], | ||
+ | | 1831 - practical DC motor invented by Joseph Henry[(Karunakaran)] | ||
+ | | 1834 - [[Lenz law|Lenz' | ||
+ | | 1834 - Horizontal [[motor]] invented by Moritz von Jacobi[(Karunakaran)] | ||
+ | | 1842 - [[Magnetostriction]] discovered by James Joule[(Cullity)], | ||
+ | | 1845 - The name " | ||
+ | | 1869 - [[Periodic table of elements]] created by Dimitri Mendeleev[(Cassidy> | ||
+ | | 1873 - All equations of [[electromagnetism]] first summarised by James Clerk Maxwell[(Tumanski)], | ||
+ | | 1879 - [[Hall effect]] for [[negative charge|negative charges]] discovered by Edwin Herbert Hall[(Helrich)] | | ||
+ | | 1881 - The name " | ||
+ | | 1882 - [[Vector notation]] and analysis proposed by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs[(Forbes)] | | ||
+ | | 1884 - [[Poynting theorem]] proposed by John Henry Poynting[(Poynting> | ||
+ | | 1885 - [[Maxwell equations|Maxwell' | ||
+ | | 1886 - first [[DC current]] motor invented by Frank Julian Sprague[(Karunakaran)] | ||
+ | | 1887 - [[Magnetic potentiometer]] described by A.P. Chattock[(Zurek)] | | ||
+ | | 1890 - [[Right-hand rule|Right-hand]] and [[left-hand rule|left-hand]] rules proposed by John Ambrose Fleming[(Karunakaran)] | ||
+ | | 1892 - Theory of the [[electron]] published by Hendrik Lorentz[(Forbes)] | | ||
+ | | 1894 - The word " | ||
+ | | 1895 - [[X-rays]] discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen[(Holbrow)] | | ||
+ | | 1896 - [[Radioactivity]] discovered by Henri Becquerel[(Holbrow)] | | ||
+ | | 1896 - [[Rotational loss]] measured by Francis Gibson Baily[(Zurek> | ||
+ | | 1897 - [[Electron]] discovered by Joseph John Thomson[(Holbrow> | ||
+ | | 1900 - [[Magnetic domain|Magnetic domains]] (initially called " | ||
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+ | ===== 20th century ===== | ||
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+ | | 1905 - [[Thermionic valve]] (first [[diode]]) patented by John Ambrose Fleming[(Karunakaran)] | ||
+ | | 1905 - [[Photon]] and [[photoelectric effect]] described by Albert Einstein[(Forbes)] | | ||
+ | | 1906 - Theory of [[ferromagnetism]] proposed by Pierre Weiss[(Coey> | ||
+ | | 1909 - Charge and mass of electron measured by Robert A. Millikan and Harvey Fletcher[(Holbrow)] | | ||
+ | | 1911 - [[Atomic nucleus]] discovered by Ernest Rutherford[(Weinberg> | ||
+ | | 1911 - [[Superconductivity]] in [[mercury]] discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes[(Jiles> | ||
+ | | 1911 - [[Proton]] discovered by Ernest Rutherford[(CERN> | ||
+ | | 1916 - [[Rogowski coil]] patented by Walter Rogowski[(Zurek)] | | ||
+ | | 1919 - [[Barkhausen noise]] discovered by Heinrich Barkhausen[(Tumanski)] | | ||
+ | | 1925 - [[Electron spin]] discovered by George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit[(Coey)] | ||
+ | | 1931 - Existence of [[magnetic monopole|magnetic monopoles]] proposed by Paul Dirac[([[http:// | ||
+ | | 1932 - [[Neutron]] discovered by James Chadwick[(Weinberg)] | | ||
+ | | 1934 - Method for producing [[grain-oriented electrical steel]] patented by Norman P. Goss[(Tumanski)] | | ||
+ | | 1935 - Principles of [[magnetic domain|domain theory]] established by Lev Landau and Evgenii Lifschitz[(Coey)] | | ||
+ | | 1936 - Powder material [[Sendust]] invented by Hakaru Masumoto[(Tumanski)] | | ||
+ | | 1955 - [[Needle probes]] (for measuring [[flux density]]) patented by Ernst Czeija and Robert Zawischa[(Zurek)] | | ||
+ | | 1967 - Ferromagnetic [[amorphous alloy]] demonstrated by Pol Dowez and S.C.H. Lin of California Institute of Technology[(Hilzinger> | ||
+ | | 1980 - [[Quantum Hall effect]] discovered by Klaus von Klitzing[(Tumanski)] | | ||
+ | | 1984 - [[Neodymium magnets]] invented independently by M. Sagawa, S. Fujimura, N. Togawa, H. Yamamoto, Y. Matsura of Sumitomo Special Metals Company, and J. J. Croat, J. F. Herbst, R. W. Lee, F. E. Pinkerton of General Motors Research Laboratories[(Leonowicz)] | | ||
+ | | 1988 - [[Nanocrystalline]] material invented by Yoshihito Yoshizawa, Shigeru Oguma, and Kiyotaka Yamauchi of Hitachi Metals[(Hilzinger)] | | ||
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+ | ===== References ===== | ||
+ | ~~REFNOTES~~ | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{tag> Magnetism Electromagnetism History Counter}} | ||
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+ | < | ||
+ | <!-- | ||
+ | Notes: | ||
+ | transformer | ||
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+ | ac motor: synchronous, | ||
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+ | dc motor: with magnets | ||
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+ | wireless transmission | ||
+ | microwave | ||
+ | radar | ||
+ | laser, solid-state laser | ||
+ | maser | ||
+ | |||
+ | laminated cores | ||
+ | electrical steel NO | ||
+ | doubly oriented | ||
+ | amorphous | ||
+ | nanocrystalline | ||
+ | powder cores: iron, sendust | ||
+ | |||
+ | ferrites | ||
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+ | ewing model of domains | ||
+ | weiss, bloch, neel | ||
+ | magnetic domains, bitter technique | ||
+ | |||
+ | power loss model - steinmetz | ||
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+ | jiles model | ||
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+ | bertotti model? | ||
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+ | superconductor | ||
+ | |||
+ | HT superconductor | ||
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+ | room T superconductor | ||
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+ | matrix transformer | ||
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+ | permanent magnets | ||
+ | alnico | ||
+ | Pt | ||
+ | ND | ||
+ | hard ferrites | ||
+ | |||
+ | magnetic memory | ||
+ | bubble | ||
+ | min cores | ||
+ | magnetic tapes | ||
+ | floppy drive | ||
+ | hard drives | ||
+ | --> | ||
+ | </ | ||
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