User Tools

Site Tools


history_of_electromagnetism

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.


Previous revision
history_of_electromagnetism [2023/10/15 18:51] (current) – [18th century] stan_zurek
Line 1: Line 1:
 +====== History of electromagnetism ======
 +
 +|< 100% >|
 +| //[[user/Stan Zurek]], History of electromagnetism, Encyclopedia Magnetica//, \\ @PAGEL@  |
 +
 +**History of electromagnetism** - this page is a collection of important discoveries in the history of [[electromagnetism]], ranging from electrostatics, through magnetostatics, to electromagnetics, waves and optic.
 +
 +{{page>insert/paypal}}
 +
 +===== Ancient times =====
 +
 +|< 100% >|
 +| around 2500 BC - Some documents indicate that [[compass]] was used in ancient China[(Helrich)][(Tumanski>[[https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=9781439829523|S. Tumański, Handbook of Magnetic Measurements, CRC Press, ISBN 9781439829523]])] |
 +| around 500 BC - Magnetic attraction between [[lodestone]] and [[iron]] studied by Thales of Miletus[(Tumanski)] |
 +
 +===== Before 18th century =====
 +|< 100% >|
 +| 1064 - Discovery that [[iron]] quenched from red hot acquires magnetization by Zheng Gongliang (China)[(Coey)] |
 +| 1088 - Navigational [[compass]] invented by Shen Kua (China)[(Coey)] | 
 +| 1190 - Compass construction described by Alexander Neckam (England)[([[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Neckam|Encyclopaedia Britannica, Alexander Neckam]], {accessed 2021-01-18})] |
 +| 1269 - Polarity of [[magnetic pole|magnetic poles]] described by Pierre de Maricourt (also known as Peter Peregrinus)[(Tumanski)] |
 +| 1600 - Movement of [[compass needle]] and [[Earth magnetic field|Eearth's magnetic field]] described by William Gilbert[(Tumanski)] who also proposed the word "[[electric]]"[(Karunakaran>[[https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781546262473|P. Karunakaran, Electrical Power Simplified, AuthorHouse, 2018, ISBN 9781546262473]])], see also: [[gilbert]] |
 +
 +===== 18th century =====
 +
 +|< 100% >|
 +| 1743 - [[Horseshoe magnet]] invented by Daniel Bernoulli (Switzerland)[(Coey)] |
 +| 1745 - Method of reliable [[magnetisation]] of steel developed by Gowin Knight (England)[([[https://www.britannica.com/technology/magnetic-compass|Encyclopaedia Britannica, Magnetic compass]], {accessed 2021-01-18})] |
 +| 1745 - [[Leyden jar]] (first [[capacitor]]) invented by Pieter van Musschenbroek and Ewald von Kleist[(Forbes>[[https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9781616149420|Nancy Forbes, Basil Mahon, Faraday, Maxwell, and the Electromagnetic Field, How two men revolutionized physics, Prometheus Books, New York, 2014]])] |
 +| 1747 - Existence of positive and negative [[electric charge|electric charges]] proposed by Benjamin Franklin[(Forbes)] |
 +| 1750 - [[Inverse-square law]] governing forces between poles discovered by John Michell (England)[(Cullity>[[https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=9780471477419|B.D. Cullity, C.D. Graham, Introduction to Magnetic Materials, 2nd edition, Wiley, IEEE Press, 2009, ISBN 9780471477419]])] |
 +| 1778 - [[Diamagnetism]] discovered by Anton Brugmans (Netherlands) [(Romero>[[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-022-00212-9|Álvaro Romero-Calvo, Ömer Akay, Hanspeter Schaub, Katharina Brinkert, Magnetic phase separation in microgravity. npj Microgravity 8, 32 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-022-00212-9]])] |
 +| 1785 - [[Coulomb law|Coulomb's law]] of electrostatic forces formulated by Charles-Augustine de Coulomb (France)[(Helrich>[[https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=3642232043|Carl S. Helrich, The Classical Theory of Fields: Electromagnetism, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, ISBN 3642232043]] )] |
 +| 1786 - Twitching of frog's leg by electricity studied by Luigi Galvani (Italy)[(Helrich)], see also: [[galvanic]] |
 +| 1800 - [[Electric battery]] invented by Alessandro Volta (Italy)[(Helrich)], see also: [[volt]] |
 +
 +===== 19th century =====
 +|< 100% >|
 +| 1820 - [[Magnetic field]] around a wire with [[electric current]] discovered by Hans Christian Ørsted[(Tumanski)], see also: [[oersted]] |
 +| 1820 - [[Magnetic force]] between two wires with [[current]] demonstrated by André-Marie Ampère[(Tumanski)], see [[Ampere law|Ampere's law]] and [[ampere]] |
 +| 1820 - [[Magnetic force]] due to [[current]] calculated by Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart[(Tumanski)], see [[Biot-Savart law]] |
 +| 1821 - Principle of [[electric motor]] discovered by Michael Faraday[(Forbes)], see also: farad |
 +| 1824 - Iron-cored [[electromagnet]] invented by William Sturgeon[(Coey)] |
 +| 1825 - [[Compass needle]] rotating above spinning copper disc demonstrated by Francois Arago[(Forbes)] |
 +| 1826 - [[Galvanometer]] invented by Johann Christian Poggendorff[(Helrich)] |
 +| 1827 - [[Ohm's law]] proposed by Georg Ohm[(Karunakaran)]  |
 +| 1830 - powerful practical electromagnet (lifting over 900 kg) created by Joseph Henry[(Karunakaran)], see also: [[henry]]  |
 +| 1831 - [[Electromagnetic induction]] and [[transformer]] discovered by Micheal Faraday[(Tumanski)], see [[Faraday law|Faraday's law]] |
 +| 1831 - practical DC motor invented by Joseph Henry[(Karunakaran)]  |
 +| 1834 - [[Lenz law|Lenz's law]] formulated by Emil Lenz[(Helrich)] |
 +| 1834 - Horizontal [[motor]] invented by Moritz von Jacobi[(Karunakaran)]   |
 +| 1842 - [[Magnetostriction]] discovered by James Joule[(Cullity)], see also: [[joule]] |
 +| 1845 - The name "[[magnetic field]]" introduced by Michael Faraday[(Forbes)] |
 +| 1869 - [[Periodic table of elements]] created by Dimitri Mendeleev[(Cassidy>[[https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0387987568|David C. Cassidy, Gerald Holton, F. James Rutherford, Understanding Physics, Springer Science & Business Media, 2002, ISBN 0387987568]])] |
 +| 1873 - All equations of [[electromagnetism]] first summarised by James Clerk Maxwell[(Tumanski)], see [[maxwell equations|Maxwell's equations]] |
 +| 1879 - [[Hall effect]] for [[negative charge|negative charges]] discovered by Edwin Herbert Hall[(Helrich)] |
 +| 1881 - The name "[[hysteresis]]" is proposed (and the phenomenon studied in iron) by James Ewing[(Coey)] |
 +| 1882 - [[Vector notation]] and analysis proposed by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs[(Forbes)] |
 +| 1884 - [[Poynting theorem]] proposed by John Henry Poynting[(Poynting>[[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Transfer_of_Energy_in_the_Electromagnetic_Field|J.H. Poynting, On the Transfer of Energy in the Electromagnetic Field, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1884, Volume 175, pp. 343-361]])] |
 +| 1885 - [[Maxwell equations|Maxwell's equations]] rationalised to just four by Oliver Heaviside[(Forbes)] |
 +| 1886 - first [[DC current]] motor invented by Frank Julian Sprague[(Karunakaran)]  |
 +| 1887 - [[Magnetic potentiometer]] described by A.P. Chattock[(Zurek)] |
 +| 1890 - [[Right-hand rule|Right-hand]] and [[left-hand rule|left-hand]] rules proposed by John Ambrose Fleming[(Karunakaran)]  |
 +| 1892 - Theory of the [[electron]] published by Hendrik Lorentz[(Forbes)] |
 +| 1894 - The word "electron" proposed by G.J. Stoney[(Holbrow)] |
 +| 1895 - [[X-rays]] discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen[(Holbrow)] |
 +| 1896 - [[Radioactivity]] discovered by Henri Becquerel[(Holbrow)] |
 +| 1896 - [[Rotational loss]] measured by Francis Gibson Baily[(Zurek>[[https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9780367891572|S. Zurek, Characterisation of Soft Magnetic Materials Under Rotational Magnetisation, CRC Press, 2019, ISBN 9780367891572]])] |
 +| 1897 - [[Electron]] discovered by Joseph John Thomson[(Holbrow>[[https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=9780387790794|Charles H. Holbrow, James N. Lloyd, Joseph C. Amato, Enrique Galvez, M. Elizabeth Parks, Modern Introductory Physics, 2nd ed., Springer, New York, ISBN 9780387790794]])] |
 +| 1900 - [[Magnetic domain|Magnetic domains]] (initially called "molecular groups") proposed by James Ewing[(Coey)] |
 +
 +===== 20th century =====
 +|< 100% >|
 +| 1905 - [[Thermionic valve]] (first [[diode]]) patented by John Ambrose Fleming[(Karunakaran)]  |
 +| 1905 - [[Photon]] and [[photoelectric effect]] described by Albert Einstein[(Forbes)] | 
 +| 1906 - Theory of [[ferromagnetism]] proposed by Pierre Weiss[(Coey>[[https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0521816149|J.M.D. Coey, Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 9780521816144]])] |
 +| 1909 - Charge and mass of electron measured by Robert A. Millikan and Harvey Fletcher[(Holbrow)] |
 +| 1911 - [[Atomic nucleus]] discovered by Ernest Rutherford[(Weinberg>[[http://www.sbfisica.org.br/~evjaspc/xvi/arquivos_diversos/27-1-weinberg.pdf|S. Weinberg, What Is An Elementary Particle?, SLAC Beam Line 27N1 (1999), p. 17-21]], {accessed 2020-10-21} )] |
 +| 1911 - [[Superconductivity]] in [[mercury]] discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes[(Jiles>[[http://books.google.com/books?isbn=9780412798603|David C. Jiles, Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Second Edition, Chapman & Hall, CRC, 1998, ISBN 9780412798603, p. 10-11]])] |
 +| 1911 - [[Proton]] discovered by Ernest Rutherford[(CERN>[[https://home.cern/news/news/physics/proton-century|CERN, The proton, a century on, 12 June, 2019]], {accessed 2020-10-22})] |
 +| 1916 - [[Rogowski coil]] patented by Walter Rogowski[(Zurek)] |
 +| 1919 - [[Barkhausen noise]] discovered by Heinrich Barkhausen[(Tumanski)] |
 +| 1925 - [[Electron spin]] discovered by George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit[(Coey)]  |
 +| 1931 - Existence of [[magnetic monopole|magnetic monopoles]] proposed by Paul Dirac[([[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1062609|Trower, W., Magnetic detection of magnetic monopoles, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 19 (5), 1983, p. 2061]])]  |
 +| 1932 - [[Neutron]] discovered by James Chadwick[(Weinberg)] |
 +| 1934 - Method for producing [[grain-oriented electrical steel]] patented by Norman P. Goss[(Tumanski)] |
 +| 1935 - Principles of [[magnetic domain|domain theory]] established by Lev Landau and Evgenii Lifschitz[(Coey)] |
 +| 1936 - Powder material [[Sendust]] invented by Hakaru Masumoto[(Tumanski)] |
 +| 1955 - [[Needle probes]] (for measuring [[flux density]]) patented by Ernst Czeija and Robert Zawischa[(Zurek)] |
 +| 1967 - Ferromagnetic [[amorphous alloy]] demonstrated by Pol Dowez and S.C.H. Lin of California Institute of Technology[(Hilzinger>[[https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9783895783524|Rainer Hilzinger, Werner Rodewald, Magnetic Materials, Fundamentals, Products, Properties, Applications, VAC Vacuumschmelze, Publicis, 2013, ISBN 9783895783524]])] |
 +| 1980 - [[Quantum Hall effect]] discovered by Klaus von Klitzing[(Tumanski)] |
 +| 1984 - [[Neodymium magnets]] invented independently by M. Sagawa, S. Fujimura, N. Togawa, H. Yamamoto, Y. Matsura of Sumitomo Special Metals Company, and J. J. Croat, J. F. Herbst, R. W. Lee, F. E. Pinkerton of General Motors Research Laboratories[(Leonowicz)] |
 +| 1988 - [[Nanocrystalline]] material invented by Yoshihito Yoshizawa, Shigeru Oguma, and Kiyotaka Yamauchi of Hitachi Metals[(Hilzinger)] |
 +
 +===== References =====
 +~~REFNOTES~~
 +
 +{{tag> Magnetism Electromagnetism History Counter}}
 +
 +
 +
 +<html>
 +<!--
 +Notes:
 +transformer
 +
 +ac motor: synchronous, asynchronous, universal/commutated
 +
 +dc motor: with magnets
 +
 +wireless transmission
 +microwave
 +radar
 +laser, solid-state laser
 +maser
 +
 +laminated cores
 +electrical steel NO
 +doubly oriented
 +amorphous
 +nanocrystalline
 +powder cores: iron, sendust
 +
 +ferrites
 +
 +ewing model of domains 
 +weiss, bloch, neel 
 +magnetic domains, bitter technique 
 +
 +power loss model - steinmetz
 +
 +jiles model
 +
 +bertotti model?
 +
 +superconductor
 +
 +HT superconductor
 +
 +room T superconductor
 +
 +matrix transformer
 +
 +permanent magnets
 +alnico
 +Pt
 +ND
 +hard ferrites
 +
 +magnetic memory
 +bubble
 +min cores
 +magnetic tapes
 +floppy drive
 +hard drives
 +-->
 +</html>
 +
  

Except where otherwise noted, content on this wiki is licensed under the following license: CC Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
CC Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International Donate Powered by PHP Valid HTML5 Valid CSS Driven by DokuWiki
Legal disclaimer: Information provided here is only for educational purposes. Accuracy is not guaranteed or implied. In no event the providers can be held liable to any party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of this data.

For information on the cookies used on this site refer to Privacy policy and Cookies.