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History of electromagnetism
| Stan Zurek, History of electromagnetism , Encyclopedia-Magnetica.com, {accessed 2021-03-01} |
History of electromagnetism - this page is a collection of important discoveries in the history of electromagnetism, ranging from electrostatics, through magnetostatics, to electromagnetics, waves and optic.
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Ancient times
Before 18th century
| 1064 - Discovery that iron quenched from red hot acquires magnetization by Zheng Gongliang (China)4) |
| 1088 - Navigational compass invented by Shen Kua (China)5) |
| 1190 - Compass construction described by Alexander Neckam (England)6) |
| 1269 - Polarity of magnetic poles described by Pierre de Maricourt (also known as Peter Peregrinus)7) |
| 1600 - Movement of compass needle and Eearth's magnetic field described by Wiliam Gilbert (see also: gilbert)8) |
18th century
| 1743 - Horseshoe magnet invented by Daniel Bernoulli (Switzerland)9) |
| 1745 - Method of reliable magnetisation of steel developed by Gowin Knight (England)10) |
| 1750 - Law governing forces between poles discovered by John Michell (England)11) |
| 1785 - Coulomb's law of electrostatic forces formulated by Charles-Augustine de Coulomb (France)12) |
| 1786 - Twiching of frog's leg by electricity studied by Luigi Galvani (Italy)13), see also: galvanic |
| 1800 - Electric batery invented by Alessandro Volta (Italy)14), see also: volt |
19th century
| 1820 - Magnetic field around a wire with electric current discovered by Hans Christian Ørsted (see also: oersted) 15) |
| 1820 - Magnetic force between two wires with current demonstrated by André-Marie Ampère (Ampere's law)16) |
| 1820 - Magnetic force due to current calculated by Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart (Biot-Savart law)17) |
| 1824 - Iron-cored electromagnet invented by William Sturgeon18) |
| 1826 - Galvanometer invented by Johann Christian Poggendorff19) |
| 1831 - Electromagnetic induction discovered by Micheal Faraday (Faraday's law)20) |
| 1834 - Lenz's law formulated by Emil Lenz21) |
| 1869 - Periodic table of elements created by Dimitri Mendeleev22) |
| 1873 - All equations of electromagnetism first summarised by James Clerk Maxwell (Maxwell's equations)23) |
| 1879 - Hall effect for negative charges discovered by Edwin Herbert Hall24) |
| 1881 - The name “hysteresis” is proposed (and the phenomenon studied in iron) by James Ewing25) |
| 1895 - X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen26) |
| 1896 - Radioactivity discovered by Henri Becquerel27) |
| 1897 - Electron discovered by Joseph John Thomson28) |
| 1900 - Magnetic domains (initially called “molecular groups”) proposed by James Ewing29) |
20th century
| 1906 - Theory of ferromagnetism proposed by Pierre Weiss30) |
| 1909 - Charge and mass of electron measured by Robert A. Millikan and Harvey Fletcher31) |
| 1911 - Atomic nucleus discovered by Ernest Rutherford32) |
| 1911 - Superconductivity in mercury discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes33) |
| 1911 - Proton discovered by Ernest Rutherford34) |
| 1932 - Neutron discovered by James Chadwick35) |
| 1934 - Method for producing grain-oriented electrical steel patented by Norman P. Goss36) |
| 1935 - Principles of domain theory established by Lev Landau and Evgenii Lifschitz37) |
References
1),
12),
13),
14),
19),
21),
24)
Carl S. Helrich, The Classical Theory of Fields: Electromagnetism, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, ISBN 3642232043
2),
3),
7),
8),
15),
16),
17),
20),
23),
36)
S. Tumanski, Handbook of Magnetic Measurements, CRC Press, ISBN 9781439829523
4),
5),
9),
18),
25),
29),
30),
37)
J.M.D. Coey, Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 9780521816144
6)
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Alexander Neckam, {accessed 2021-01-18}
10)
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Magnetic compass, {accessed 2021-01-18}
11)
B.D. Cullity, C.D. Graham, Introduction to Magnetic Materials, 2nd edition, Wiley, IEEE Press, 2009, ISBN 9780471477419
22)
David C. Cassidy, Gerald Holton, F. James Rutherford, Understanding Physics, Springer Science & Business Media, 2002, ISBN 0387987568
26),
27),
28),
31)
Charles H. Holbrow, James N. Lloyd, Joseph C. Amato, Enrique Galvez, M. Elizabeth Parks, Modern Introductory Physics, 2nd ed., Springer, New York, ISBN 9780387790794
32),
35)
S. Weinberg, What Is An Elementary Particle?, SLAC Beam Line 27N1 (1999), p. 17-21, {accessed 2020-10-21}
33)
David C. Jiles, Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Second Edition, Chapman & Hall, CRC, 1998, ISBN 9780412798603, p. 10-11
34)
CERN, The proton, a century on, 12 June, 2019, {accessed 2020-10-22}
history_of_electromagnetism.txt · Last modified: 2021/01/21 21:30 by stan_zurek
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